Male Fertility as a Bull's Eye for Mastocytosis

Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine   Juniper Publishers

Authored by: Ali Shalizar Jalali

Opinion

Mast cell (MC) as a free cell type can be found in connective and epithelial tissues throughout the body as well as peritoneal and thoracic cavities in rodents [1].The MCs are located in subepithelial areas in connective tissue surrounding blood cells, smooth muscle, mucous and hair follicles and have been detected in all vascularized tissues except for the central nervous system and the retina [2]. The cytoplasm of MC contains 50200 large granules storing a variety of substances with potent physiological activities including histamine, heparin, serotonin, cytokines, chondroitin sulfate and neutral proteases [3-5]. It is well-established that these multi-functional master cells are involved in a wide spectrum of functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, bacterial and parasite elimination, immune system, vascular and bronchial homeostasis and bone growth, remodeling and mineral homeostasis along with inflammatory, hypersensitivity and fibrotic disorders [2, 6-8].Three populations of MCs have been identified based on protease content. The mucosal MC (MCT) only containstryptase, the connective tissue MC (MCTC) contains tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase and cathepsin and the third MC type (MCC) has chymase and carboxypeptidase [9].
A growing body of evidence indicates association between mastocytosis and male infertility [10-12]. It has been reported that increased number of MCs is ascribed to idiopathic male infertilities and spermatogenic disorders [13-15]. Accordingly, it has been revealed that number of MCT and MCTC increases in the testes of patients with spermatogenic arrest and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, confirming MCs roles in the male infertility pathogenesis [16-18]. It has also been shown that increased numbers of MCs are associated with different types of spermatological abnormalities including asthenospermia, oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm DNA damages [19-21].
It has been suggested that paracrine factors from myoid, Sertoli and spermatogenic cells can play crucial roles in testicular mastocytosis [19]. Myoid cells may also trigger MCs activation through formation of membrane-to-membrane connections [16]. It is well-known that MC products can stimulate fibroblast migration, proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix compounds leading to tissue fibrosis [22]. On the other hand, increased depositions of fibrous connective tissue in the peritubular layers and thickening of the tubular wall have been attributed to several testicular pathological patterns resulting in male infertilities [23].
Additionally, MCs degranulation in response to biochemical stresses can lead to release of histamine and chemotactic factors causing increased vascular permeability and immune cells (ICs) infiltrations [24]. It is noteworthy to mention that ICs are sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and excessive ROS generation induced oxidative stress is one of the major causative factors of reproductive dysfunctions [25-27]. Moreover, it was found that testicular mastocytosis is associated with blood-testis barrier malfunction [28]. In line with that, previous reports have shown the beneficial effects of MC blockers in improvement of male fertility impairments. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Ketotifen can improve sperm motility in asthenospermic infertile men and sperm quality, chromatin integrity and pregnancy rate after varicocelectomy [20]. Furthermore, it has been suggested that tranilast is clinically useful for the treatment of severe idiopathic oligozoospermia [29]. On the whole, mastocytosis in reproductive tract can result in male fertility disturbance through fibrotic changes and oxidative stress inductions as well as inflammatory responses formation and medicinal strategies such as administration of MC blockers may be beneficial in treatment of idiopathic male infertilities (Figure 1).


To Know More About Please Click on: Journal of Reproductive Medicinehttps://juniperpublishers.com/gjorm/GJORM.MS.ID.555614.php

To Know More About Open Access Publishers Please Click on: Juniper Publishers

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Sperm-Oviduct Interaction Factors that Compromise Fertility of Frozen Stallion Semen

Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine   Juniper Publishers Abstract The cryopreservation procedure changes the integrity and functionality of sperm, affecting their longevity and the ability to fertilize the oocyte. Moreover, some of those changes could be alter the physiologic interactions between the sperm and the oviductal epithelial cells prior to fertilization, placing further limitations and challenges on frozen-thawed stallion sperm. For fertilization to occur, a sperm subpopulation should be survive in uterine environment and be transported to oviduct, the tubular epithelium that regulate the sperm capacitation process in tuning with the ovulation and later oocyte fecundation. Factors affecting sperm-oviduct interactions in equine and findings in other mammals suggest that this interaction is highly conserved. However, there are differences between species and this interaction may assist to explain the idiopathic infertility associated with t...
Read more

Harlequin Baby with Mild Skin Disorder: Two Years Follow Up

Image
Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine    Juniper Publishers Authored by:  Ismail Biyik*  Abstract Harlequin ichthyosis is a member of nonsyndromic inherited ichthyosis. Neonates born with HI have generally poor prognosis. In this case report, a case of harlequin delivered at the 37th gestational week was presented. Antibiotic prophylaxis was given to the baby with emoillent creams in the newborn period. The boy is now 2.5 years old and does not have a disease other than scaly skin. The child continues to receive emoillent cream treatment. However HI has a high mortality rate during the newborn period, we believe that early antibiotic prophylaxis and the application of softening creams may prevent mortality. Go to Introduction The ichthyoses is a keratinization disorder of skin. These disorders are heterogeneous group. The great majority of ichthyoses are inherited. Harlequin Ichthyosis (HI) is a member of nonsyndromic inherited ichthyosis. H...
Read more

Phytoestrogens: A Possible Agent for Controlling Fertility

Global Journal of Reproductive Medicine    Juniper Publishers Authored by:  Debjani Nath* Introduction Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds. They are ubiquitous in human and animal diet. Around 300 plants from more than 16 different plant families have been identified with such a kind of compounds [ 1 , 2 ]. They are structurally and/or functionally bear a close similarity to mammalian estrogens and their active metabolites. Though they are much less potent but their mode of action is similar to 17p-stradiol. The estrogenic compounds are widespread in food. They are found in herbs and seasonings (garlic, parsley), grains (soybeans, wheat, rice), vegetables (beans, carrots, potatoes), fruits (date, pomegranates, cherries, apples), and drinks (coffee) [ 3 ]. So only a totally plant-free diet would prevent exposure to them. We, the human beings as well as animals regularly expose to variable amounts of phytoestrogens mainly through diet...
Read more